Inteligência dos EE UU Monitorava o Desenvolvimento de Áreas Estratégicas do Governo Militar Médici - 露 SECET NO FOREIGN DISSEM 7
BRAZIL MONITORADO
2. Guerra biológica e química...
3. Energia atômica...
4. Eletrônica...
5. Educação...
Os relatórios eram preparados para o NIS (Serviço de Investigação Naval), atualmente, Naval Criminal Investigative Service, NCIS. A bisbilhotice era feita por vários órgãos do Governo dos EE UU. Estavam incumbidos os Departamentos da Força Aérea, Exército e da Marinha, incluindo, ainda, a Agência Central de Inteligência (CIA). No primeiro tópico de um relatório de quarenta páginas é abordada a Ciência. As pesquisas sobre medicina tropical, antitoxinas e venenos de serpente, foram bem avaliadas, admitindo um reconhecimento internacional nestas áreas.
5. Educação...
Os relatórios eram preparados para o NIS (Serviço de Investigação Naval), atualmente, Naval Criminal Investigative Service, NCIS. A bisbilhotice era feita por vários órgãos do Governo dos EE UU. Estavam incumbidos os Departamentos da Força Aérea, Exército e da Marinha, incluindo, ainda, a Agência Central de Inteligência (CIA). No primeiro tópico de um relatório de quarenta páginas é abordada a Ciência. As pesquisas sobre medicina tropical, antitoxinas e venenos de serpente, foram bem avaliadas, admitindo um reconhecimento internacional nestas áreas.
"The military governments under the late President Costa e Silva and the current administration of President Medici have shown a continued interest in science and technology, but many actions of the government have had an inhibiting effect on scientific and technological progress.
Um pouco mais adiante, o documento trata sobre pesquisa científica. Identifica o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) como principal órgão. Outras entidades que realizam ciência no Brasil são citadas: O Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (NPE) e a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN):
"The CNEN is concerned with the national nuclear policy. It supervises safety regulations and training of nuclear science specialists and reviews proposals for the construction of nuclear energy generating stations. CNEN's scientific and technological research departments provide assistance as well as radioactive isotopes and safety advice to research institutions.
Outra Área de interesse da inteligência Yankee é o incipiente projeto espacial brasileiro, comandado pela Comissão Brasileira de Atividades Espaciais (COBAE), vinculada ao Conselho de Segurança Nacional. O COBAE se preocupa, principalmente, em auxiliar o Presidente brasileiro na formulação de uma política nacional de pesquisa espacial, incluindo a alocação de recursos, a coordenação de programas espaciais civis e militares e Iniciação de programas de cooperação com outros países.
Brazil is continuing its interest in space activities and in January 1971 the goverinent established a Brazilian Commission for Space Activities (COBAE) under the National Security Council. Headed by the chief of the general staff of the artined forces, the (COBA E is concerned mainly with assisting the President in the formulation of a national policy on space research, including the allocation of resources, coordination of civilian and military space programs, and initiation of cooperative programs with other countries. The National Coinnission for Space
A educação também é relacionada. O relatório completo está publicado lobo abaixo:
Modern techniques in education are being introduced slowly in Brazilian schools in both higher and secondary levels. Much of the scientific community lorg has recognized that slow progress in research and development results from the poor organization of school curriculums and teaching methods. The government is attempting to upgrade education at all levels, and in 1970 the Minister of Planning and General Coordination announced plans to allot 24 billion cruzeiros to education during the following 4 years. Some of the improvements in education can be attributed to a long-range program for science education in I atin America undertaken by the U.S. National Science Foundation through the auspices of the AD. Scientific education in Brazil, although improving as more qualified teachers, more funds, and better facilities are is vicied. is still handicapped by a general shortage of these essentials.Assuntos Relacionados:
Public Library Of US Diplomacy - Monitoramento da América Latina: Amazonas - Brasil, Peru, Colômbia
Série Documentos CIA: A Roman Catholic bishops' report Friday accused the CIA of infiltrating Protestant religious sects in Brazil
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September 1973
NAONAL INTEL CENCE SURVEY K
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NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY PUBLICATIONS
The basic unit of the NIS is the General Survey, which is now published in a bound-by-chapter formai so that topics of greater perishability can be updated on an individual basis. These chapters-Country Profile, The Society, Government and Politics, The Economy, Military Geography, Transportation and Telecommunications, Armed Forces, Science, and Intelligence and Security, provide the primary NIS coverage. Some chapters, particularly Science and intelligence and Security, that are not pertinent to all countries, are produced si lectively. For small countries requiring only minimal NIS treatment, the General Survey coverage may be bound into one volume.
Supplementing the General Survey is the NIS Basic intelligence Factbook, a ready reference publication that semiannually updates key statistical data found in the Survey. An unclassified edition of the factbook omits some details on the economy, the defense forces, and the intelligence and security organizations.
Although detailed sections on many topics were part of the NIS Program, production of these sections has been phased out. Those previously uroduced will continue to be available as long as the major portion of the study is considered valid.
A quarterly listing of all active NIS units is published in the Inventory of Available NIS Publications, which is also bound into the concurrent classified Factbook. The Inventory lists all NIS units by area name and number and includes classification and date of issue; it thus facilitates the ordering of NiS units as well as their filing, cataloging, and utilization.
Initial dissemination, additional copies of NIS units, or separate chapters of the General Surveys can be obtained directly or through liaison channels from the Central intelligence Agency.
The General Survey is prepared for the NIS by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Defense intelligence Agency under the general direction of the NIS Committee. It is coordinated, edited, published, and disseminated by the Central Intelligence Agency.
WARNING
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CASSFED BY 91 Extape FROM GEnerAL DECASS CATION SCHEdult of E. O. 1652 ExMPTON CATEGORIES se (), (2), (3). DECAssF1ED or on APPROVAL OF THE
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The NIS is National intelligence and may not be released or shown to representatives of any foreign government or international body except by specific authorization : ه
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rective No. .
For NIS containing unclassified material, however, the 熙 portions so marked may be made available for official purÈ. poses to foreign nationals and nongovernment personnel provided no attribution is made to National intelligence or the National Intelligence Survey.
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This chapter was prepared for the NIS hy the : Central Intelligence Agency. It includes contributions by the Departments of the Air Force, Army,
and Navy and the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Research was substantially completed by March t 1973.
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BRAZIL.
CONTENTS
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Th:; chapter supersedes the scientific coveras' in the General Survey dated Ianuary 1970.
A. General l
B. Organization, planning and financing of
research 2
C. Scientific education, manpower, and
facilitics . . . . . . 6
D. Major research fields .
1. Air, grinund, and naval weapons . . . 8 2. Bological and chemical warfare . . . O 3. Atomic energy O 4. Electronics . . . O
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Page Page حسیہ 5. Medical sciences . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - 11 (2) Geodesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( ) 6. Other sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 (3) Geology and terrestrial
a. Chemistry and metallurgy . . . . . . . . . 12 geophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 b. Physics and mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . 13 (4) Hydrology, hydraulics, and
❖፡ coastal research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 S. c. Astrogeophysical sciences . . . . . . . . 14 5 O h 15 楼 (l) Astronomy, meteorology, and (5) Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
upper atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
FIGURES
Page Fig. 1 Federal guvernment organization for 慈 scientific and technical activities
(chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. i. Fig. 2 Sites of scientific activity (map) . . . . 16
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Science
A. General (S)
The Brazilian capability for scientific research and development, although one of the fore most in Latin America. is limited. Despite serious difficulties over the past several years, often related to political problems, science in Brazil is improving and the government is increasing substantially its support of research and development. However, many Brazilian and visiting scientists and engineers believe that the rate of developinent in science and technology is insufficient to meet the seeds of the country if it is to escape underdeveloped statis within the next 25 years. Much of the scientific effort is concerned with trying to keep abreast of worldwide scientific developments. Biomedicine. chemistry, and physics are reasonably well developed, but the research accomplished is not significait. Research in tropical medicine, antitoxins, and Snake venoms has received some international recognition in the past. Generally, scientific projects of significance have been almost entirely dependent on participation by foreigners. Since the early 1950's, Brazil has made rapid progress industrially, but the development of science and technology has not kept pace with this industrial growth, which is based to a considerable extent on the investment of foreign capital. Most of the required technology has been imported from abroad, resulting in little growth of native scientific capabilities. There is practically no communication between practicing engineers and scientists in the academic sector.
The Brazilian Government is aware of the impact of science and technology on economic and social progress and eneuriges scientific activities. It there are many hindrances to scientific progress. One of the most serious is the inferior systein of primary and secondary education which limits the number of secondary school graduates who are satisfactorily prepared for iniversity work. The increased amounts of government funds available for research are still inadet late, and the increases have been partly neutralized by the continuing rapid inflation of the currency. The overal scientific capability is limited by the shortage of trained manpower, and scientific
education is hampered by an insufficient supply of qualified teachers, facilities, and funds. The military governments under the late President Costa e Silva and the current administration of President Medici have shown a continued interest in science and technology, but many actions of the government have had an inhibiting effect on scientific and technological progress. The rem id of prominent scientists from their positions in universitie: and research institutes for political reasons has ic versely affected morale. Foreign exchange controls have interfered with the APPROVED क RELE
inportation of scientific equipment and journals. There have been difficulties in securing government approval for foreign travel by irazilian scientists and engineers and in obtaining permission for scientific expeditions to Brazil by foreigners, In generał. burea ictatic controls and delays have had a stifling effect on Brazilian science and on the inflow of technology from abroad.
Brazil has cooperative agreements in scientific affairs and in atomic energy matters with many countries. In December 1971 a 5-year agreement aimed at intensifying cooperation between U.S. and Brazilia: scientists was signed. In recent years, technical and Scientific cooperation agreements have been signed with israel. West Germany, Czechoslovakia, the United Kingde om, France, Japan. several I atin American contries, as well as several other countries. Similar agreements are in effect with the inited Nations, which is currently financing about US$5.6 million worth of scientific and technical cooperation projects in Brazil, and with the ()rganization of American States (OAS). During thr last () fiscal years an average of about $15 million per year has bec 1 allocated to joint technical cooperation programs in Brazil by the U.S. Agency for international Development (AID). In FY72 the allocation through AID had decieased to about $89 i.hillion. Increasingly, the United States is supporting Scientific development in Brazil througin sich organizatists as the U.N. Educational Scientific and (uitural Organization (UNES(CO), thr: (OAS, and other internatirial agencies. Under a basic technical cooperation agreement signed in September 1970, the Japanese Government awards fellowships to Brazilians for technical training in Japan and supplies (cuipment, inachinery, and material, as well as technical support in variotis ways.
A bila teral agreenent for scientitic cooperation between Argentina and Brazil, which was signed in 1966, provides for the cxchange of information and personnel, communication of research progress, and planning of long-range research for mutual benefit. This agreement was an important step in promoting closer ("ooperation betvren the tv 'o major scientific communitics in latin America. France and Brazil have rather broad agreements on utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, including provisions for exploration of various regions within Brazil for ur:nium and thorium. Á broad agreement signed by Brazil and VV'est (Germany in 1969 gives spccial emphasis to cooperation it such subjects as nuclear energy, space and acronautics, oceanography, and data processing. The Brazilian Government has
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usually pursued a course of foreign policy bass'd on cooperation with the West, and Brazilian scientists generally are Western oriented. Although Brazil maintains diplomatic relations with the U.S.S.R. and other Communist countries, it is believed to have no scientific agreements with these countries.
Brazil is a member of such international scientific organizations as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)... the International Occianographic Commission 1 OC), the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), and the international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
B. Organization, planning, and financing of research (C)
Research and development activities are not highly organized, and until the early 1950's such activities were left almost entirely to the universities, some of which are federally supported, some under the control of the states, and some privately operated. Most of the is search underway is suppyrted by the federal or state governments, or by foreign countries and organizations. Industrial research is weak, and very little financial support for research is tyr vided by industry. Technology is readily available from foreign countries whose industrial organizations participate in Brazilian industry and supply the know-how.
The government controls, scientific activities Shrough various ninistries and through three major government organizations: the National Research Coneil (CNPq), its subordinate Institute of Space Research (NPE), and the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). The Ministry of Planning and General (oordination has become increasingly involved in science and technology and is a major factor in developing science policy and in the funding of scientific research and technological development projects. The frcderal government organization for scientific and technical activities is shown in Figure .
The CNPq established in 1951, continues to be the single most import.int government agency responsible for the coordination and stimulation of scientific activities. It provides grants for research, recommends approval of scientific expeditions, provides scholarships for scientific study, and administers bilateral agreements with other countries. The CNPq is comprised of 27 members and includes representatives of all the federal universities, the Academy of Sciences, the armed forces, and the Ministrics of Foreign Affairs, Agriculture. Education, and industry and Commerce. For many years the CNP was active only in Rio de
of A. P992
- National PRESIDENf National Security Council
Nuclear Energy Corri mission | GNEN)
national - institute - - - - Brazilian Cornission for o institute of Nuclear Engineering Research of Space Space Activities (COBAE)
The Brazilian Company for ဌိလိုစိရို့ Nuclear Technology q ( D institute of Radiation Resarch e Research to headquarters and Laboratory
institutes at Sao fose dos Campos and Centers a Brazilian Rocket Range
Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Aeronautics Planning and General Coordination a Meteorological Service
f Air Force to National fund for Scientific a Division o
and Technological development
O Research institutes
and Stations Ministry of Education
o Coordinating Office Ministry of Health
for the development of University Trained personnel Federal Universities
Research institutes and Observatories
Research institutes
Ministry of Navy
Ministry of Mines and Energy
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National department of ܘܚܝܠ Mineral Production
Geology and Minerals
Navy
Naval Research institute
0 Technical Center for
Aeronautics (CTA)
Aeronautical Institute of Technology (TA)
Ministry of Army institute for Research and
Development (IPD)
Army
Geographic Service
Suoordination ---- Consultation and Coordination
FIGURE 1. Federal government organization for scientific and technical activities,
1972 (UIOU)
Janeiro, but since 1963 its influence has grown because it has been able to provide increasing funds for research projects. The CNPq has the power to establish new research institutes and centers, to maintain direct contact with scientific attaches of foreign countries. and to deal directly with all federal, state, municipal, and private agencies. It also has the authority to create committees and commissions without requiring submission of its recommendations to the President of Brazil. The CNPq plans and oversees the execution of short-term and long-term scientific programs, ensuring that they are constantly revised and kept up-to-date. Another of its functions is to effect liaison between ministries, government agencies and departments, policy planning bodics, and research bodies in order that facilities and resources are effectively utilized. It maintains un objective of stimulating research to secure the best possible use of the natural resources of
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the country to improve its economy and make contributions to the health and welfare of the population.
Since 1962 the CNPq has operated under 5-year plans, which have reaffirmed the importance of science and technology and sct forth priorities for research and development. The CNPq receives its funds chiefly from the federal budget; to date these finds have been insufficient to permit the council to achieve the objectives of its plans, Approximately 50% of its budget is allocated for the support of fundamental sciences, 15% to technological sciences, 25% to medical sciences, and 10% to agricultural sciences. It also has received special grants from the Ford Foundation and some assistance from West Germany and France. In addition to supporting the INPE, the CNPq provides direct financial assistanee to the Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics in Rio
de Janeiro, the National Institute for Research in the Amaz in at Manaus, the Institute of Bibliography and Documentation in Rio de Janeiro, the Institute for Highway Research in Rio de Janeiro, and the Emilio Goeldi Museum in Belem.
The CNEN established in 1956. directs the Brazilian nuclear energy program. Affiliated with the Ministry of Mines and Energy und the National Departinent of Mineral Production, the CNEN st pervises three facilities-the Institute of Nuclear Engineering in Rio de janeiro, the Institute of Radiation Research in Belo Horizonte, and the new facility, the Brazilian Company for Nuclear Technology (CBTN 1. Brasilia. Research und training are carried out in the two institutes. which are associated with the federal universities in the cities in which they are located. The CBTN, fornied in December 1971, now operates the nuclear research institutes, in Rio de Janeiro and Belo orizonte. The Institute for Atomic Energy (IEA) in Sao Paul is a separate state facility and is the largest nuclear research institute in Brazii. The CNEN is concerned with the national nuclear policy. It supervises safety regulations and training of nuclear science specialists and reviews proposals for the construction of nuclear energy generating stations. CNEN's scientific and technological research departments provide assistance as well as radioactive isotopes and safety advice to research institutions. The CNEN dors not arrange regular scientific meetings but does encourage articipation by Brazilian specialists in conferences, colloquia, and symposia. CNEN is financed directly through the government, and some revenue is obtained from its indistrial work. During 1971 the CNEN underwent a restructuring in regard to its hoard of directors. At the present time CNEN is governed by a deliberative commission and by technical and administrative organs deemed necessary to accomplish its objectives,
Brazil is continuing its interest in space activities and in January 1971 the goverinent established a Brazilian Commission for Space Activities (COBAE) under the National Security Council. Headed by the chief of the general staff of the artined forces, the (COBA E is concerned mainly with assisting the President in the formulation of a national policy on space research, including the allocation of resources, coordination of civilian and military space programs, and initiation of cooperative programs with other countries. The National Coinnission for Space
"For diacritics on place names stre the list of nines at the end of the chapter.
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Activities (CNAE), organized under the CNPq in 196 to coordinate, stimulate, and carry out studies related to space activities, was abolished in April 197l and replaced by the Institute of Space Research (INPE). The INPE abso: ped the functions of the CNAE. In addition, it has the authority to formulate plans and programs for space research, as well as negotiate contracts with foreign or international agencies. The had of the CNP acts as chief of the INPE directorate council, which includes a representative of the general staff of the armed forers. The NPF is the country's representative to COSPAR and participates in international conferences arranged try that organization, the International Council of Scientifie l'nions, and the latin American Center for Space Physics, The headquarters and main laboratories of the INPE are located near the Technical Center for Aeronautic's (CTA) at Sao Jose dos Campos in Sao Paulo State.
A significant trend is appearing in state government encouragement of research applied to solving problems common to particular areas. Proliferation of official state organizations active in science and technology has resulted from pressures exerted by scientists and technologists who felt that their skills would be better used in an area where they are needed.
There are a few private research organizations, stich as societies and associations, that have special interests in various sciences and technologies. Typical are the Association of Reseach Workers of Rio Grande do Sul and the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science. Both are concerned with science but do not have laboratories, or do they employ werkers engaged directly in research. The Brazilian Society for Metals. which has been functioning for the last three decades, generally provides a forum for metallurgists, and as sich it stimulates research and metallurgical studies of general interest. The Brazilian Petrole in Institute is a private institution but receives support from the state petroletim organizatior: PETRO BRAS and all firmas connected with the petrole in industry in Brazil. It studies technical problems that are best solved by cooperative work in industry and acts as a consultative sorum.
The governinental ministries are concerned with research in various ways. The Ministry of Education is responsible for research in the federal universiti however, neither basic nor applied research is conducted on a broad scale in the taiversities, and there are few departments or laboratories where research is done systematically or according to normal international standards. Studies generally are done on regional problems, especially in basic medical or
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geological subjects. The Ministry of Health has many research institutes subordinate to it; among the most notable are the Oswaldo Cruz. Institute in Rio de Janeiro and the Evandro Chagas Institute i Belem. The Ministry of Agriculture has regional laboratories and research stations in several places, usually associated with a nearby university. It directs the Meteorological Service and the Division of Geology and Minerals. Thr Ministry of Mines and Energy operates the National Department of Mineral Production. The ministry is concerned with mining uranium and thorium and with the generation of hydroelectric power; the CNEN coordinates the ininistry's involvement in any aspect of nuclear power generation, as well as in the processing of uranium ores. The CNEN does not exercise any special control over geological exploration for basic nuclear ores.
The Ministry of Aeronautics, through the air force. directs research at the CTA. The CTA has two subordinate organizations, the Acronautical Institute of Technology (ITA) and the Institute for Research and Development (IPD), both at Sao Jose dos Campos. The Ministry of Army is responsible for the activitics of the Geographic Service of the Army, while the Ministry of Navy directs the Naval Research 'nstitute on Ilha do Governador. The Ministry of Industry and Commerce administers the Fund for Support of Technology which provides funds for the establish ment of new technologically advanced industries. The Ministry of Planning and General Coordination provides financial support for research and development through its National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development, which was created in 1969 by presidential decree.
The Brazilian Academy of Sciences in Rio de Janeiro, established in 1916, functions informaly. It holds symposia, publishes scientific literature, provides for the exchange of scientists, and tries to interest students in scientific careers. It is composed of a group of scientists who meet periodically to discuss and study various aspects of accomplishments in scientific fields. It has been assured of government financial support only since 1966. The funds provided, however, are not sufficient to support a scientific research program and are mainly used to cover the cost of the academy's publications.
Although financial support of research and development is extremely inadequate, amounting to only about 0.2%–0.3% of the gross national product, the government recognizes the importance of research
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and the need for increased funding. Financiai support has increased substantially since 1964, but rapid inflations has offset some of the gains. A complete breakdown of funds appropriated or expended for research and development in Brazil is not available. For the second 5-year plan (1968-72) of the CNPq the Ministry of Planning and General Coordination allocated about $8.8 million for research activities. Of this amount $1.1 million was to be used for 405 postgraduate and doctoral scholarships abroad: Slfor CNAE activitics: $1.8 for research equipment: $2.2 for research in priority projects; and $2.25 for contract research.
The following tabulation shows a partial breakdown of 1970 research funds (in new crizeiros: exchange rate of 6. = Sl) by various government
augencies:
CNPq. - - - - (S.366,10 Ministry of Planning and General
Coordination 59,000 00 Brazilian Academy of Sciences . 980,000 CNIEN SSSS SSS SSS 54,0(x),000 National Bank of Economic De
velopment 9,000,000 National Instituts of Weights and
Measures 4,300,000
2776. ', 10
The planning ministry's National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development had a budget of $10 million in 1970 and about $25 million in 1971; it provides funds either directly to major research organizations, such as the CNEN or the CNPq cr as a result of requests by individuals for specific research projects. The National Bank for Economic Development, Rio de Janeiro, has two subordinae bodies specifically designed to aid science and technology in Brazil: the Technology Fund and the Productivity Fund. In 1970 the former had 75 million cruzeiros available for fellowships and support of graduate courses and for support of theoretical and applied research without immediate commercial value. The latter fund is designed to stimulate industrial research.
Although fina: racial support for research and development by industry has been very meager, some industrial support has been provided for engineering schools and for scholarships. Substantial support for science and technology is provided by sources outside of Brazil, including foreign governments, international organizations, and private foundations, 'hese funds
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were distributed over a vide range of disciplines, and a substantial portion was allocated for improving scientific educational programs and libraries. Significant grants have been made to provide equipment for both teaching and research.
The state governments expend far less for research and development than the federal gover. "nt. but their systems for selecting. organizing, and executing research are highly efficient and their researchers work with greater enthusiasm and freedom from political influences. The states have established state finds for the support of research. The Research Support Fund in the Sao Paulo State is the oldest and largest of the funds. Its scientific director is considered the second most powerful figure in Brazilian science after the president of the CNPq. In recent years this fund has directed a majority of its grants to developmentoriented research rather than pure research. The main ource of revenue is the state government, which inder the constitution of the state is required to allocate u anually te i the Sao P. tilo State Funri 0.5% of the state's income from taxes. The 1969 budget was 4.5 million cruzeiros and the 970 budget was about 20 milion cruzeiros The State of Rio Grande do Sul his established a similar organization and the State of Guanabara has set up a Support Foundation for Science and Technology financed by a percentage of
sitt ferv 1.
C. Scientific education, manpower, and facilities (C)
Modern techniques in education are being introduced slowly in Brazilian schools in both higher and secondary levels. Much of the scientific community lorg has recognized that slow progress in research and development results from the poor organization of school curriculums and teaching methods. The government is attempting to upgrade education at all levels, and in 1970 the Minister of Planning and General Coordination announced plans to allot 24 billion cruzeiros to education during the following 4 years. Some of the improvements in education can be attributed to a long-range program for science education in I atin America undertaken by the U.S. National Science Foundation through the auspices of the AD. Scientific education in Brazil, although improving as more qualified teachers, more funds, and better facilities are is vicied. is still handicapped by a general shortage of these essentials.
6
The number of students enrolled as intergraduates in higher educational institutions in 1972 totaled 530,000. This was slightly less th; in twice the number enrolled in 1968 but still reliesented only about 2.5" of the population between he ages of 19 and 24. In 1968 the number of students enrolled in engineering courses was 87.500; in medicine. 25.200; and in sciencer. philosophy, and letters. 76.8 (90). Ergineering enrollments are increasing at a rate far greater than the growth of the population of the country. The total enrollment of students in science and eligineering courses, however, is small for a country wit' early 100 million people.
Edicational reforms have been it progress during recent years. Under former President Costa e Silva. and to a lesser extent inder President Medici, drastic changes occurred in the higher educational system which have had an adverse effect on the iorale of scientists and teachers. In April 1969 approximately 70 professors were retired fron the State 'niversity of Sao Paulo and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro by presidential order, and lie tenure for college professors was abolished. These changes dealt a blow to the government program to slow the exodus of professional people from Brazil and have hindered programs for encouraging the return of scientists who have i eft Brazil The present government has had some success, however, in encouraging the return of important Scientists. Sonne“ of the most renowned scientists who left Brazil and others who were purged have returned and found working conditions suitable in some of the larger states; for example. In: y : f' staffing the State liaiversity of Carninas it the State of Sao Paulo,
Scientific education is strongest at the liversities of Sao Paulo, Bahia in Salvador. Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre, and the Federal University o Rio de Janeiro. Engineering education is available at most of the larger public universities, ut the ll’A. at Mackenzie University in Sao Paulo, and at the (Catholic U" niversity in Rio de Janeiro, lle vality of lucation in the School of Engineering of the University of Bahia is reportedly good, especially in the Department of Chenical Engineering, although the staff is small. The ITA is a nodern facility and offers some of the best technical training in Brazil. but its enrollment is only lit 770. The cours' is of 5 yar. x diuration, and the 150 members chosen for each class are selected by competitive examination from over ,000 applicants. Emphasis has shifted gradually
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at the institute from aeronautical engine('ring to clectrical and mechanical engineering. electronics, mathematics, and physics. A t ou“ v in nuclear engineering was introduced in 1967 is part of the effort to promote nuclear energy research. Unfortunately, ITA's graduates are not prepared to assume the : ministrative-technical jobs in Brazilian industry where supervisory ability is more important than research and development capability. Scientific edication at the University of Brasilia is of poor cuality. and valuable cipment is either in storage or only partially utilized.
Very little formal graduate study is offered in engineering or in the sciences. A master's degree can be obtained in engineering, but students seeking : doctor's degree in engineering must study abroad. With U.S. assistance, the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro started postgraduate courses in chemical engineering, with the objective of granting the master's degree and ultimately the doctor's degree in this field. A program leading to higher degrees in physics has been established ut the State niversity of Sao Paulo, and in chemistry at both the University of Sao Paulo and at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in a program coordinated by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Financial support of graduate programs has increased substantially in recent years: in 967 about $760,000 of government funds was spent for such programus. The Al D provided about Sl 80,000 for the support of graduate work during the same year, Several other foreign countries, including France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, have also contributed support.
Brazilian iniversities have made attempts to improve the status of researchers and professors. A professional post of researcher, which allows the incumbent to purse research on a full-time basis, has bcem created at the university level. leretofore, the research worker was required to be a professor, and because if the heavi eaching load, he recently had to neglect either aching or research. Salaries for professors are gradually being increased but are still inadequite. The State U3 tiversity of Sao Paulo, which raised the salaries of professors to $400 per month in 1967, has set the salary levels followed by the academie community Covernmental and private research facilities are frequently unable to retain qualified research personnel because of low salaries. The CNP h:s provided stipplementary salary support
for a limited number of qualified persons who have a potential for a research career. In 1968. 200 persons received such assist
As a supplement to the inadequate training of
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scientific and technical personnel, many Brazilians have been sent for special training to the United States under scholarship programs or by industrial compamies with subsidiaries in Brazil. One procedure is for the companies to begin operation with a staff of American engineers and technicians and to replace them gradually with Brazilians who have been sent to the United States for training. Except for graduates of the School of Engineering at the State University of Sao aulo and those educated abroad. Brazilian engineers generally do not meet U.S. professional standards. The second 5-year plan of the CNP (1968-72) has made provision for the education abroad of students seeking higher degrees in scientific subjects. The CNP planned to grant an estimated 12,000 fellowships during the 1970-74 period.
Brazil has a serious shortage of engineers, technicians, and scientists in most fields except physics, where the supply has exceeded the demand. late 1967 it was estimated that Brazil had only l person engaged in basic or applied research for every 35,000 inhabitants; in 1972 this figure rose impressively to 1 in 18,000, it it still falls short of the needs. In 1967 there were 3,700 engineering school graduates, compared with 2,000 in 1962. In 1968 the teaching of physics at the graduate and postgraduate level was carried out by about 300 physicists. The second 5-year plan of the CNP stressed the importance of physics and encouraged the updating of equipment and the modernization of facilities. Brazilian geologists appear to be reasonably well trained: they receive training it, three or four schools whose geology departments rank with some of the best in the world.
Although scientists and engineers are highly regarded by the population in Brazil, most Brazilians appear to have little knowledge of the contributions that can be made by scientifically trained people. As in other latin American countries, scientists are underpaitl und nany of the younger men soon abandon their scientific or academic careers to enter more lucrative fields. The low salaries paid to scientists are an obstack to the return of Brazilian scientists who work abroad and to the hiring of well-known foreign specialists, in order to reduce the loss of scientific and technical nanpower to inor developed countries.
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Brazil needs to provide scientists with better working conditions, adequate equipment, and higher salaries.
Facilities and laboratory equipment at the various research centers vary from inadequate to good quality depending on the field of activity. There is a general shortage of modern equipment needed to fulfill objectives of most projects. In some of the university research laboratories and science faculties the solid state physics equipment has been rated as only equivalent to that of advanced sccondary schools in North America. In a few cases the universities have an abundance of new laboratory equipment, but some of it is deteriorating from disuse. Some of the best
facilitics and equipment in Brazil. obtained primarily from U.S. Army surpluses, are related to astrophysics research. Brazil's first Triga Mark I reacto; is located at the institute of Radiation Research near the University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte and the equipment used to study crystal defects and isotopes is considered to be of high quality. The Jniversity of Santa Catarina's optical physics laboratory is purported to have received some of the best scientific equipment related to the optical industry from the East German company of Zeiss through a coffee exchange agreement. In general. the physics research facilities of the various research centers are judged by Western European and North American standards as poor. To obtain good laboratory equipment, some of
the leading physicists find it necessary to smuggle it into the country by using false radiation labels to circumvent the bureaucratic problems. In nuclear and solid state physics laberatories there are snal research 登 reactors and accelerators which cannot provide the *: energy levels achieved in modern research laborator.
ics.
D. Major research fields
1. Air, round, and naval weapons (C)
Research and development on air, ground, and naval weapons is very limited because of an insufficient economic and industrial base needed to
support such activity. Still. Brazil's industrial output is
the largest of the latin American countrict, and it has the greatest potential anong those countries for achieving a viable weapons development and production capability. Progress towards establishing an indigenous research in development capability is the most evident in the aircraft field.
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The Brazilian Government is continuing to invest heavily in the development of its aeronautical industry. Factors motivating such action include those of national security which specify the establishment of the largest and most modern air force in South America, the inportance of the national airlines to the country's economic well-being, and to the high dependence placed upon air transportation as a whole in the development of the nation's interior.
Supervision over all aeronautical research and development is provided by the Ministry of Aeronautics, and virtually all aeronautical associated facilities are located in Sao Jose dos Campos, in Sao iPaulo State. The most important organization for aircraft design and development is the CTA and its subordinate IPD. Aircraft production is the responsibility of Empresa Brasilerira de Aeronautica S.A. (EMBRAER), the Sociedad Construtora Aeronautica Neiva, Ltda., and the Sociedad Aerotec Ltda. (Aerotec).
Over the years aviation-related activity appeared to center at CTA and IPD. More recently, however, emphasis has been shifting to an expansion of the nation's aircraft production centers; the largest and most important of which is EMBRAER. Aircraft in production at EMBRAER include a Braziliam version of the Italian Aermacchi MB-326 jet trainer and light attack aircraft; the indigenously developed EMB-10 Bandeirante, twin-turboprop, 12-passenger utility transport; and the EMB-200 Ipanema crop duster. All three aircraft are expected to be in full series production for the next several years. An ambitious development program, identified as the EMB-500 A na zona, has been Inder way to provide a replacement for the U.S. DC-3/C-47 aircraft in service with the Brazilian Air Force. This aircraft was designed as a 40 passenger, short-take-off-and-landing (STO) utility transport with alternate roles as an assault troop carrier, and naval patrol aircraft. T i.e prograin schedule of EMBRAER specified a prototype EMB-500 to be test flown in 1974, and series production to be initiated by the mid-1970s. The EMB-500 program apparently has been terminated. however, and discussions are being held to develop and produce a similar type aircraft under a joint program with Argentin. Should a viable program evolve from the discussions, it would constitute the first major cooperative aircraft development/production effort ever to be undertaken by two South American cot intries.
Work in process at Neica includes the manufacture of light. utility aircraft (similar to the U.S. Cessna 150). an IPD-designed, low-wing basic trainer designated the 620 Universal, and the development of a twin-engine version of the Universal. The latter aircraft could enter series production by the mid1970's. Aerotec is completing its production run on the Uirapuru primary trainer for the Brazilian Air Force. Most of Aerotec's facilities are engaged in subcontract production for EMBRAER.
In addition to the limited aeronautical research being conducted by the CTA and PD, these organizations are responsible for the certification of new aircraft and the training of aeronautical engineers. The PD has research departments for electronics, materials, armaments, propulsion, and airframes, Brazil is still dependent on the import of forcign engines for all its current and proposed aircraft. The country also is benefiting from the foreign technical assistance received from the French. West Germans, and Americans.
Brazil has a very limited capability for rocket research and development, and an insignificant capability to design and develop guided missiles. Over the years most of the research in the rocket propulsion field has been directed toward meeting the requirements of the country's sounding rocket program. Nevertheless. short-range, tinguided rockets have been produced for military applications. These solid-propellant rockets are the single-stage R-108 and R-5, and a more elaborate, two-stage 14-mm rocket. The R-108 and l l 4-mm rockets were designed primarily for army tise, and the R- 15 for the navy. Both rockets were developed by the Department of Studies and Technological Research and the Companhia de Explosivos Valparaibo, Sao Paulo. Apparently, Brazil is not making a strong effort to become self-sufficient in the tield of guided missiles. Instead, it is continuing to purchase needed guided missiles from abroad.
Brazil has an active research program for studying the tipper atmosphere, including the ionosphere. The Institute for Space Research at Sao Jose dos Campos is installing un ERTS reado ut station at Cuiaba, Mato (rosso State, and digital processing equipment to obtain the imagery at Sao Jose dos Canpos. The Institute of Space Research has a Bandeirante aircraft equipped for remote sensing at altitudes up to about 20,000 feet. Diiring the past several years a number of research rockets have been locally developed and produced inder air force direction. The rockets have ranged from single- to three-stage units, and from pencil size up to 5 inches in diameter. Present
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development emphasis appears to be on the Sonda series. There have been l l known launchings of the Sonda-l, five of the Sonda-li, and a Sonda-Ill reportedly is nearly ready for its initial test launch. Sonda- is basically a copy of the U.S. Arcas rockct; it was designed by the Directorate of Materials of the Ministry of Aeronautics; development and production were accomplished by the private firm of Sociedad A ribras Limitada of Sao Jose dos Campos. Sonda-b is capable of lifting an 11-lb payload to an altitude of 43 nautical miles (NM). Sonda-Ti and Sonda-Il are larger rockets and they are capable of lifting 55 lb to 60 NM and 10 lb to 270 NM, respectively Sonda-li was designed and devel bed by the Special Products Department of the ITA. Another rockct, the Sornfa-I, also is under development and was exhibited in Brazil during Air Force Week 1970 at the Galeaol Santos Dumont airport complex in Rio de Janeiro. Characteristics and purpose of this rocket are unknown.
The primary rocket test range in Brazil is the Barriera do Inferno facility located near Natal. In operation since 1965, the site is equipped for launching sounding rockets, and it can accommodate rockets of the U.S. Nike-Cajun/Nike-Apache size. Although much U.S. equipment is in evidence, the test center is staffed and operated by Brazilian technicians. Brazil and France concluded a 6-year agreement in June 1968 which provides for the establishment of a space tracking station at Fortaleza on the northeastern coast of Brazil. Since March 1970 this facility has operated as a telemetry receiving station for satellites launched from the French National Center for Space Studies, Kourou, French Guiana. Brazil's first satellite communications ground station, inaugurated in February 1969, was built by Hughes Aircraft Co. under contract with the Brazilian Telecommunications Company (EMBRATFI), Rio de Janeiro. This station has been integrated into the multination communications satellite system, intelsat.
Brazil conducts no significant research and development on ground weapons and support cquipment, and rescarch capabilities in engineering. transportation, and tuartermaster equipment are limited. For several years Brazil has been conducting some research on armored vehicles, A light tank and half-track vehicle, both apparently of indigenous origin. are in advanced design stages. Also under development are an armored reconnaissance vehicle (EE-9 Cascave) and an amphibiotis armored 6x6 vehicle (EE-ll Truta). Brazil would like to produce at least four variants of lightly armored vehicles: troop carrier, reconnaissance, corini and, and ambulance.
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There is no active program inderway to develop naval combatants or support vessels. Further, there is no discernible research being accomplished in ship propulsion. hull design, or other associated research fields. However, Brazilian shipyards have accomplished the licensed production of foreign vesses up to destroyer size, and they are capable of repairing and overhauling all types of naval vessels. Plans call for Brazil to start production of the British Mark-10 frigate in 1973.
2. Biological and chemical warfare (C)
Brazil is not known to have a BW or CW research and development programn, Severa institutes however, have sufficient scientific personnel and equipment to conduct limited BW investigations if Brazil should decide to embark on a prograin. The well-equipped and competently staffed Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo is engaged in fundamental research that has a limited CW potential. One example of this research is the extensive work done on snake tivenorns, Research on other natura poisons includes work on spider venom. Scorpion venom, and plant poisons.
3. Atomic energy (S)
The nuclear energy program is smail and confined primarily to basic research in the universities. Some expansion is taking place, however, and in December l97 a combined government-private organization, the Brazilian Company for Nuclear Technology, Brusilia, was formerci under the (CNEN. The (BTN is
nainly responsible for certain practical and
commercial aspects of nuclear energy, including propccting for and maining of nuclear associated minerals, fabrication and reprocessing of reactor fuel elements, studies of Iranium einrich ment, and the contracting for and construction if nuclear facilitics. The nuclear energy program i nder the general direction of the CNEN, headed by lervasio de Carvalho. A shortage of research personnel in the nuclear energy field has eased somewhat with the return of personnel traited abroad. Three research reactors are in operation. A 5-megawatt thernal (MWt) swimming pool reactor at the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Site liversity of Sao Palo went critical in September 1957. This reactor has been upgraded to 10 MWt. The Institute of Radiation Research at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo florizorie. has a Triga Mark I reactor which went into operation in 1960. It normally operated at 3() kilowatts thernal (kWt) hit hans been upgra led to
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250 kWt. A third reactor, a () kWt, Argonaut type lencated at the Institute of Nuclear Energy aut the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, went critical in February 1965. All three of these reactors use U.S.- provided, enriched uranium fuel.
Brazil's basic nuclear program also will benefit from usc of a 20-MeV Pelletronic accelerator in operatic.In aut the Institute of Atomic Energy of the State University of Sao Paulo. The accelerator, the only one of its kind in the world. will permit more intense, precise, and wider range neutron cross-section studies. Another cyclotron facility is under construction in the Jacarepagua lowlands and is expected to be operational in early 1973: it will be used in isotope production and utilization studies.
There are some stall deposits of uranium reserves in Brazil. The main known deposit is located in the Pocas de Caldas area with a reserve of from l.200 to 2,000 tons of uranium, and a uranium mill may be constructed at that site. Since only little exploration for uranium has been done in t country, the true extent of reserves is as yet unknown.
Although facilitics for processing natural uranium to fabricate fuel elements have been established, frazil as no facilities for producing enriched uranium and is dependent upon imported fuels. A project utilizing ultracentrifuges purehased from West ermany in 1958 apparently was unsuccessful. Brazil has expressed a desire to participate in a multinational gaseois diffusion enrich ment plant. Brazil considlers itself as a potential site since ample low cost power is available for such a plant,
Brazilian authoritics have stated the country's intention to build nuclear powerplants, and a 626megawatt electrical (net) pressurized water reactor is being built at Agra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State. The contract for this reactor was signed 7 April 1972, with completion projected for late 1976.
4. Electronics (C)
Brazil has little capability for electronics research und development, although the government has allotted special funds to the CNP and its institutes since 1959 to further electronics research und training of university professors in this field. Son: electronics research is conducted by the School of Engineering at the State University of San Paulo, ITA, and IPD. limited research is underway on semiconductors, electron tibes, radio propagation, sonar equipment, and magnetie and gravity meastrements. The largest electronic research facilities are those of industry, where the emphasis is on product development, "The Brazilian Electronies lndustry. Inc. (NBEISA),
i
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located at Guarulhos, is an affiliate of Philips of the Netherlands, it has one of the most modern and completely equipped research laboratories in the col in try and has done research on microwave and in ultiplexing equipment. tropospherie scatter techniques, electron microscopes, and solid-static circuits. In addition, some efforts have been made to apply automation techniques to the electronics industry.
Although Brazil does not engage in any extensive research on electronic computers, it is concerned with the use and applications of computers in electronic data processing. The government established the Brazilia: Association of Electronic Computers in 1961 to promote computer symposiums, lectures, and training courses. The number of computers in Brazil increased from 00 in 1967 to 300 in early 1969 and to 600 in early 1973, almost all of which were acquired from the United States. An IBM study predicts an expansion to as may as 4.000 hy l980. Brazil was planning in 1971 to indertake construction of the first South American computer,
5. Medical sciences (S)
Biomedical research is not a priority area. Most of the support of the Ministry of calth is directed toward preventive medicinc und basic Sanitation meraus tres. Of the rescarch undertaken, only a small annotint has been of good quality. A critical shortage of competent medical personnel exists, and finds for research are limited. Most of the basic medical research is conducted on an individual basis in Iniversities, while applied aspects are pursued by several institutes inder the Ministry of lealth. The federal government has supported 'niversity research programs by establishing certers for research on Schistosomiasis. Chagas disease, und endemic tropical diseases. The Pan American lealth Organization (PAO) has acted as an adviser to the Ministry of lealth in studies on nutrition, sailitation, and disease control. A regional medical library in Sao Paulo is supported by the PAll(). The Institute of Microbiology of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro is supported by PA () as a center for training of personnel in public health, edication, and research in
a tin Arrerican cott tries.
Microbiological research is concentrated on the control of sich major infectious diseases as schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and plague. Some success has been achieved in the intensive research devoted to schistosomiasis. Cooperative research on the elimination of the vector of Chagas' disease is being indertaken by the Nattiral Products Research
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Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the National Institutes of Endemic Diseases it Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte, and the Institute of Microbiology of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Extensive trials, with Czechoslovak support. have been conducted on the chemotherapeutic effect of nitrofurane compounds on the vector. The Plague Research Center ut Exu in the State of Pernambuco is the center for research on this disease. It has shown that wild rodents are the real reservoirs of plague and that the disease is maintained in isolated island-like foci in the country.
Smallpox has been successfully eradicated. Son, r progress also has been made in the fight to eradicate the Aedes aegypti mosquit . and, with the colaboration of PAHO. national laboratories are preparing vaccine for prevention of jungle yellow fever. Aftosa (foot-and-mouth disease) virus has been grown experimentally for vaccine production at the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center in Rio de Janeiro and a pilot plant for vaccine production put into operation at the end of 1972. The center is important in promoting control of the highly contagious disease.
The Belem Virus laboratory of the Evandro Chagas Institute has done considerable research on arboviruses. The laboratory is adequately supported and has the potential to develop into one of the world's most important viral research facilities. Its tissue culture laboratory compares favorably with the best anywhere in the world.
The Butatan Institute in Sao Paulo. of the Ministry of Health. is interationally recognized for its research on snake venoms for the production of vaccines. It maintains a large snake farm and produces antivenoms for snake bites. It also undertakes rabies research.
Biochemists enploy familiar techniques in the study of cell components and enzymes. Some routine work is underway on the study of the effects of psychotropic drugs on behavior, the biochemistry of disease agents, and protein clectrophoresis variations among diffor( nt racial groups in Brazil. Biochemists are also contribating to the development of chemotherapeutic agents in the control of malaria and schistosomiasis.
Nutritional research is practical, Surveys have been conducted on the prevalence of protein-caloric malnutrition. The institute of Nutrition in Recife is developing low cost, high protein foods, and is carrying out a biochemical evaluation of the recovery of malnourished children. The CNPq supports research on the effect of pollution of shell fish and (ther marine organisms,
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Research in genetics has concerned the control of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in giant chroinoSomes, gene dynamics in indigenous and mixed human populations, and population genetics. The Brazilians have conducted productive research in selected areas of physiology, pharmacology, and endocrinology. They have done basic studies on the physiology of the reproducive tract in women, the utilization of heart valves and pacemakers. cardiovascular diseases, and the association of endocrine function and metabolism. The Institute of Biophysics of the Federal University in Rio de Janeiro has studied the c.togenetic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and is also studying signal processing in the visual cortex of monkeys and marsupials. A survey has been made of the effects of exposure of man to high background radiation doses in certain parts of the country.
6. Other sciences (S)
a. Chenistry and metallurgy
Although chemical research is a field of moderate activity in Brazil, it is extremely weak when compared with that of the United States or most other Western countries outside of Latin America. Brazil has a large and rapidly growing chemical industry and numerous allied industrics which produce petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, paper, and textiles, but only a negligible amount of applied chemical research is conducted. The research, many of the chemists, and the chemical technology required to support the industry are mainly supplied by foreign investors. The State University of Sao Paulo has the strongest and broadest chemical research program in the country. The major areas of chemistry are researched bit not in depth. There are three important centers for chemical research: the Hnst. tute of Chemistry of the State University of Sao Paulo, the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Rio de janeiro, and the Department of (Chemistry of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro.
Inorganic chemical research has been restricted largely to fields of interest to the contry's atomic energy program. Scveral chemists have been interested in thorium and rare carth phosphates because of the country's position is a major supplier of monazite sand, the principal source of thorium and rare earths. The linstitute of Atomic Energy of the State University of Sao Paulo docs research on purification of uranium, analytical problems associated with the nuclear energy program, processing of nuclear materials, and
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fabrication of fuel elements for nuclear reactors. Other inorganic chemical research is underway in soil chemistry.
Brazil is weak in important areas of chemical research such as organic chemical synthesis, physical organic chemistry, and physical chemistry. A modest effort is underway in the chemistry of natural products. particularly those derived from Brazilian plants and trees. under Professor Otto Richard Gottlieb at the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Very little research is done on organic polymers, synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, or other aspects of the synthetic organic chemical industry.
Brazilian research in analytical chemistry has diminished with the retirement of Dr. Fritz Feigl, an internationally recognized authority on spot-test analysis. A little biochemical research is underway at the State University of Sao Paulo and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro hut the work is not significant,
Only a minimal amount of metallurgical research is undertaken, practically all of it directed toward solving production problems. Essentially no basic metallurgical research is conducted. The universities and the Institute for Technological Research, Sao Paulo, do some work on the refining of nonferrous ores. Perhaps the largest effort is devoted to process extractive ferrous metallurgy. The steelworks of tie National Steel Company at Volta Redonda engages in studies directed toward product improvement and toward solving production problems. Some of the research has concerned blast furnac's practice, the production of medium alloy steels in the oxygen converter, fabrication techniques, and the causes of defects in forgings, plate. bar, and rod. A few ferrots metallurgical and basic engineering studies are undertaken by the steel mills. The CNEN's Institute of Atomic Energy has a number of research programs on the extractive Inc tallurgy of uranium and thorium. fuel ele "nent eladding, strucura materials for nuclear reactors, and the metallography of uranium and other nuclear metals.
The Institute for Technological Research is the most significant facility for metallurgical research. It is well staffed and equipped and has conducted extensive failure analyses as well as research on extractive metallurgy, foundry technology, the me!...allurgy of Copper and its alloys, vorrosion, and stress-vorrosion cracking. Although the institute is supported partially by state funds and grants from the CNP. most of its support comes frn industry on a contract basis.
b. Physics and mathematics
Although Brazil lacks the necessary modern research equipment and adequately trained manpower and suffers from shortages of research funds, it has the best potential in South America for conducting advanced physics research in some of the more important subfields. At present, Brazilian physics research is fragmented and shows signs of disorie:!: ion with regard to the national goals of exploiting research results to extend the country's technological base. Because the gove in ment generously provides encouragement. Suport. and a high degree of investment in nuclear power development, it has enhanced the potential for good nuclear physics research. Improv ments in research in nuclear physics and solid-state physics are evident, particularly at university laboratories and attached institutes. Other areas in which a modest amount of research is underway include atonic and molecular physics, quantun electronics, optics of spectroscopy, and gravitation and relativity.
Brazilians are especially proud of their achievements in the field of nuclear physics. and those involved in its scientific activities receive considerable respect. Fligh-energy nuclear physicists at the University of Sao 'aulo and its affiliated Institute of Theoretical Physics probably conduct most of the Brazilian studies related to clementary particles and their interactions. The nature of the high-energy nuclear research involves highly theoretical studies of hadron, proton-proton, pion-kuon, and pion-pion scattering relations. These studies primarily represent work done in leading countrics as far back as 10 years ago; however, some of the research involving investigations of the saturation properties in the Fermi quark model and featurcs of the baryon spectrum is fairly modern. Theories concerning the kaon decay parameters are also being investigated. ow-energy nuclear physics research is being pursued at the University of Sao Paulo's Institute for Atomic Energy. which enjoys an international reputation. The research is applicd in nature and deals with thermoluminescent responses of fluorites to gannaray emission when exposed to a cesiut' isotope. This work is being done to determine the potential of the fluorites for use in radiation dosimetry. At the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. the ground state of cesium isotopes is being studied for information concerning the unified model,
Brazilians are very active in research in solid-state physics and the physics of materials, but much of the vork ligs behid nost advanced "trios by is meh as 1 () to 15 years. A large portion of solid-state physic's
research occurs at the science faculties or institutes of sich universitics as the College of Engineering at the Federal University of Sao Carlos. Sao Paulo: the l'A: the Brazilian Physics Research Center. Rio de Janeiro: the State University of Campinas; the '... niversity of Sao Paulo: and the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Some of the most impressive activities are concertied with studies of semiconducting properties of naphthalene thermoelectret crystals in connection with evidence of Schottky barrier formations. Various techniques of radiation damage approaches are being used to investigate the production of photochromic centers in cesium-doped calcium fluoride. Energylevel relations are being studied to gain information on the ganma-points of various polytypes of zinc sulphide. Theories concerning the geometry of solids with lattice defects are being studied. Wave functions associated with dilute alloy's of the nonnoble-metal base class are being viewed in regard to their core states.
Atomic and inolecular physics research is pursued along nodest lines at the Brazilian Physics Research (Center and the Institute of Theoretical Physics aut Sao Paulo. Projects involve both experimental and theoretical evaluations of ionic electronic absorption spectra and the application of the Rayleigh perturbation theory pertinent to the hydrogen atom. Experimental research in atomic and molecular physics involves studies of width and shift of spectral iiics of gases in the microwave and infrared regions througi use of models for elastic and inelastic collisions. Laser research or cuantum electronics is done on a limited scale and by a few select specialists at the State University of Campinas. Their work is concerned with the measurements of carrier lifetimes of stimulated semiconductor lasers. Some pha spectroscopic optics are being probed at the University of Sao Paulo and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The research deals with the pressure broadening aid shift of lines in the microwave and far infrared regions with the use of the impact theory and the affects of finite time resolutions on the time
s of
spectra. The purpose of these studies appears to involve an attempt to gain knowledge on nuclear relaxations. Brazilian scientists have long been known for their extensive theoretical investigations into gravitation and relativity. The major portion of such tleoretical investigations is concentrated at the Brazilian Physics Research Center. The efforts are concerned primarily with the general theory of relativity and its involvement with gravitational and electromagnetic fields, Theories are being advanced
in the covariant concepts of gravitation.
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Research in mathernatics is almost nonexistent, and the little that is accomplished is of poor quality. An Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics. Rio de Janeiro, was established in 1956 under the CNPq to support and stimulate interest in pure and applied mathematics. Its primary mission has been to provide postgraduate training. All of the universities have faculties of mathcmatics, and the little research undertaken is in the broad areas of mathematical foundations, algebra, analysis, and geometry. Specific subjects of research have included logic, group theory, ordinary and partial differential equations, functional analysis. topology, and differential geometry. There is no effort in applied mathematics, statistics, operations research. However, the Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro gives a Master of Sience in computer science and has a research program. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the State University of Sao Paulo are installing computer science programs along with Catholic University in a program coordinated by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
c. Astrogeophysical sciences
(1) Astronomy, meteorology, and upper atmosphere-Astronomical research is very limited but is increasing. The chicf center of astronomical activity. the National Observatory in Rio de Janeiro, is equipped with four medium-size telescopes and makes observations mostly of planets and double stars, The Morro do Volongo Observatory of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro has made observations of stollar celtations and comets as well as double stars. Tiu e observatory of the l nstitute of Astronomny and Geophysics of the State University of Sao Paulo specializes in positional astronomy and celestial nechanics, The Center of Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics of the Mackenzie University in Sao Paulo operates the Iapetinga Radio Observatory, about 96 miles north of Sao Paulo; the astronomical work has bren confined to the study of solar radio emissions. A 3.7-meter radiotelescope is der construction at the observatory. In 1969 an optical astronomical observatory was 11, der construction in the Santan:
ils near Porto Alegre, pparently for the Institute of Astronomy of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The Foderal University of Minas Gerais is establishing a new observatory aut Serra de Piedade; a 60 centimeter telescope has been purchased from East (Germany for instaliation at the observatory.
Meteorological research is meage, consisting of routine local weather or climatological studies carried ont mainly by the Met orological Service of the Ministry of Agriculture. A modern surface and upper
air network has been established by the Superintendency for Development in the Northeast, under the Ministry of Interior, with the assistance of the World Meteorological Organization and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Tropical meteorological research, including studies of easterly waves, is being carried out by the IPD. Balloon launches for Project TWERIE from Natal are being planned. The Space Research Institute is concerned with satellite meteorological research and the development of automatic picture transmission (APT) reado ut station equipment for receiving meteorological satellite transmissions. A weather satellite APT readout station, under the direction of the ITA, is located at Sao Jose dos Campos.
Brazil also has cooperated with NASA and Argentina in the Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Rocket Network (EXAM ETNET). This network aims at integrating, with the participation of other countries, a meridian network to cover both hemispheres; all meteorological data are made available to all members. launching activities began with firings from Wallops Island in the United States and the Barreira do Inferno range near Natal in Brazil in January 1966, and from the Chaitical rangnear Cordoba in Argentina in April 1966. Brazilian participation included assembling and launching a Scrics of meteorological sounding rockets which were provided by the United States. NASA trained Brazilian personnel and lent ground support. In June 1968 a Brazilian-developed and -fabricated meteorological rocket, the l)N-6503, was launched for the first time, reaching a height of about 80 miles. In a BrazilU.S.-German xperiment in February 978, four Black Browdt rockets were launched in contection with the AEROS satellite progrann.
The Brazilian upper atmosphere research effort is centered at the Barreira do inferno rocket range, which is equipped to launch short-, medium-, and long-range rockets for meteorological and ionospheric experiments. The first test launching of a Brazilian two-stage rocket, presumably having no payload, was made from the range in April 1965. Since that time. NASA has supplied U.S. rockets, including Arcas and Nike-Cajtin rockets, for experiments to study highaltitticle temperature, densities, and winds. Other agreements with NASA have concerned studies of cosmic ray effects on the lower D region of the ionosphere, and during 1968 several Nike-Iro tois rockets were launched to measure the influx of meteors between 96 and 256 miles over the collator.
Brazil has engaged in ground-based study of radio prop:ag: tion and jonospheric electron-density by
means of reception of satellite signals. The research was begun in 1963 at d has been carried out at the Brazilian naval base at Natal and the laboratory of the former CNAE at Sao Jose dos Campos. The naval base aut Natal has done point-to-point radio propagation research. The CNAE (absorbed by the NPE in 1971) has had a riometer site operating at Natal with equipment provided by the U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory to measure ionospheric absorption of radio waves.
(2) Geodesy-in 1952 Brazil and the United States concluded a mapping agreen:ent called MAPPLAN through which the United States has provided assistance to and equipment for the Brazilian mapping program. Under this agreement, the military and civilian mapping organizations, including the National Geographic Council and the state mapping agenci's, are engaged in an energetic program of geodetic surveying and mapping. In addition, the development of a horizontal datum reference for South America is underway,
(3) Geology and terrestrial geophysics-Because of extensive domestic mineral resources. geological work has received considerable emphasis. Much of the work has consisted of preparing geological maps of Brazil and South America, and since 1956) Brazil has collaborated with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in preparing maps of Brazilian iron and manganese deposits. USGS personnel have led varios mineral survey teams in Brazil during which Brazilian geologists have been trained in field operations for future work in other areas. Geologists of other countries also have mapped portions of Brazil. French geologists have participated in efforts to locate uranium reserves that can be used cconomically. The National Department of Mineral Production has embarked on a 10-year nineral exploration program and is making an extensive study of Brazilian geology for long-range planning purposes. In 1968, Brazil and the United States entered into an agreement to cooperate in an earth resources retnote sensing program, i:tiliving artificial earth sintellites. Brazil is adopting U.S. gamma ray spectrometric air surviving techniques. A quasi-governmental Mineral Resources Research (ompany, Rio de Janeir has been established, and US$6 million was to be expended in 1971 and $7 million in 1972 in exploring for uranium.
IBrazil has a low level of technical competence for resrarch in terrestrial gerophysics. "ithe National Observatory, although an astronomical facility, is concerned with both geomagnetic and seismic activity: inost of the effort in these fields has been undertaken with U.S. support. Brazil has permanent geomagnetie stations at Vassotiras und near Belem and seismic stations at Rio de Janeiro. Natal, and Brasilia.
The station at Brasilia, staffed by Brazilians and equipped by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, is engaged in a project to observe deep seismic phenomena at a 'stable station for comparison with those at an 'unstable station at the Geophysical Institute at Lima, Peru.
(4) Hydrology, hydraulics, and coastal researchBrazilian capabilities in hydrologic and hydraulic research are considerably advanced over those of other South American countries because of the scope of research and the availability of a few well-equipped laboratories. Research is mainly of an applied iature and is directed toward increasing hydroelectric output. improving and extending navigability of inland waterways, and improving flood protection. A project along these lines in cooperation with the USGS has been underway for several years in the mouth and upper reaches of the Amazon. Hydrologic research is concentrated on studies of sedimentation, runoff. and variation of annual discharge. In hydraulic research the use of extensive model testing has resulted in successful investigations in changes in river channels caused by variation of flow velocity, in the reduction of silting, and in the prevention of scour around dams. Considerable emphasis is given to the design of intake structures to prevent vortexes and of chute and energy dissipators to prevent sedimentation and erosion in tail races.
In general the quantity and quality of coastal engineering research surpass those of other Latin .\merican countries. The Ministry of Navy controls and performs most of the work on physical oceanography ant coastal hydrography. Coastal engineering research is also conducted a several universities, the most ir pirtant being thc Institute of Hydraulic Research of the University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre. Most costal research deals with probiens of littoral drift and sedimentation.
(5) Oceanography-Although Brazil has a low 'apability for oceanographic research. the contry's interest in occanography has increased suistantially . a result of the need for improved defense of its long shoreline and a growing awareness of the importance of oceanography. Brazil has emphasized biological oceanography for the development of its marine fisheries but also conducts special projects in marine geology and radiolbiology at the Naval Research institute. The Institute of Oceanography of the State University of Sao Paulo conducts most of the oceanographic research, although the Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Ministry of Navy has donc considerable work in biological, physical. and chemical oceanography. The directorate has an t; ceanographic and geophysical station at Trinidad and operates the 300-foot, 2,300-ton converted sailing
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ship Almirante Saldanha as a deep sea oceanographic and hydrographic research vessel. Some research also is done by the Institute of Marine Biology and f)ceanography of the University of Recife and the Institute of Marinc Biology of the Federal University
of Ceaura at Fortaleza.
A National Commission for Oceanography was established in 1965 to coordinate national programs and represent Brazilian oceanography internationally. The commission also acts as an adviser to the CNPq on oceanographic matters. The president of the commission is Prof. Manoel da Frota Moreira, who is
also head of he technical scientific department of the (INPq.
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Brazil participates actively in international oceanographic affairs and was host to the first international Symposium on thc Oceanography of the Western South Atlantic in September 1964 and to the first Inter-American Naval Conference on Hydrography and Oceanography in Septcmber 1965. Both conferences were held in Rio de Janeiro, Norwegian and Brazilian oceanographers conducted a joint oceanographic survey during the latter half of 1967 that extended as far as 300 miles from the Brazilian coast. This investigation was the inaugural cruise of the new 62-foot, 700-ton oceanographic research ship, Professor W. Bescard. of the Oceanographic Institute of the State University of Sao Paulo.
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FIGURE 2. Selected sites of scientific activity (C)
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Glossary (ulou)
ABBREvi AToN For EcN ENGLish CBN. . . . . . Companhia Brasitura de Technologia Brazilian Company for Nuclear Tech
Mouclear nulogy CNAE. . . . . . . . Commissao Nacionai de Actividades National Commission for Space Activi
Espaciais ties (CNEN . . . . . . . . Commissao Nacional de Energia Nu- National Nuclear Energy Commission
clear (“N Pሳ . . . . . . . . Conselho Nacional de Pesquizas. . . . . . . National Research Council COBA E. . . . . . . Commissao Brasileira de Actividades Brazilian Commission for Space Activi
Espaciais ties ('entro Tecnico de Aeronautica . . . . . . . . Technical Center for Aeronautics Instituto de Atomica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institute for Atomic Energy Instituto de Engenharia... . . . . . . . . . . . Institute of Nuclear Engineering Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais...... Institute of Space Research
Instituto de Pesquisas e Desenrole- Institute for Research and Development
neg ITA . . . . . . . . . . Instituto Tecnologico Aeronautica. . . . . Aeronautical Institute of Technology
(r Places and features referred to in this chapter (usou)
COORNATES
S. f.
蕊 Ang'a dos Reis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 s) 44 18 Belém. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4829 隧, Belo Horizonte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 55 43 56 Brasília. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 47 47 55
('anipinas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 54 47 05 Cuiabá. . . . . . . . 15 3, 55 05 Exu . . . . . . . 31 39 43 Fortaleza.............................. 3 43 38 30 Guarulhos....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 28 4 32 Ilha do Governador (island)... ........... 2248 43 12 Itapetinga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 15 & laca repaguá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 55 432 Manaus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 O3 60 0 Natal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 媒7 85 13 Piedade, Serra da (ridge). . . . . . . . . ... 7 2 3, 20 Póços die Caldas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 48 46 34 艇 Pôrto Alegre. . . . . . . . 30 04 5
Recife................................. 8 03 34 54 Rio de Janeiro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santana, ('oxilha de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 i5 55 15 São José dos Campos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 53 ; São Paulo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 32 o 7 Vassouras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 25 43 O. Volta Redondi.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2232 44 07
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